Alteração do estado emocional de professores da educação básica brasileira / Change in the emotional state of teachers in the Brazilian basic education

O presente estudo avaliou a associação da saúde mental com fatores do ambiente de trabalho de professores brasileiros. Para tanto, foram aplicados um questionário semiestruturado com questões socioeconômicas e o Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale para 499 professores, recrutados por meio do Facebook e Instagram. Desses, 391 eram do gênero feminino e 108 do masculino. Verificou-se que 32,7% apresentaram escore indicativo de improvável quadro de ansiedade; 26,8% possível e 40,5% provável. Por outro lado, 45,1% exibiram escore de improvável depressão; 31,5% possível e 23,4% provável. Foi identificado que ser do gênero feminino interferiu negativamente nos escores de ansiedade e depressão (p<0,001); assim como a inadequação e insatisfação com a renda (p<0,001); a classificação como péssimo ou regular ambiente de trabalho (p<0,001); o espaço físico inadequado (p<0,001); ter sofrido violência provocada pelos estudantes ou seus respectivos pais (p<0,001). Além disso, trabalhar por um tempo ≥40 horas (p=0,030) foi indicativo de maior ansiedade. Muitos professores brasileiros sofrem com quadros de ansiedade e depressão e fatores controláveis interferem diretamente. Sugere-se que o poder público e os proprietários de escolas privadas intervenham nesses contextos para evitar o colapso da saúde desses profissionais.

The present study evaluated the association between mental health and work environment factors among Brazilian teachers. In order to achieve that, a semi-structured questionnaire with socioeconomic questions and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were applied to 499 teachers, recruited through Facebook and Instagram. Among these, 391 were female and 108 were male. It was found that 32.7% had an improbable anxiety score; 26.8% possible and 40.5% probable. On the other hand, 45.1% had an improbable depression score; 31.5% possible and 23.4% probable. It was identified that being female had a negative effect on anxiety and depression scores (p<0.001); as well as inadequacy and dissatisfaction with income (p<0.001); work environment classified as poor or regular (p<0.001); inadequate physical space (p<0.001); having suffered violence caused by students or their respective parents (p<0.001). Furthermore, working for 40 hours or else (p=0.030) was indicative of greater anxiety. Many Brazilian teachers suffer from anxiety and depression and controllable factors interfere directly. It is suggested that public authorities and private school owners intervene in these contexts to prevent the health of these professionals from collapsing.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and adiposity index are sensitive methods to evaluate central fat accumulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal body mass index

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to determine the differences in body fat distribution and central obesity indicators using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), adiposity indices, and anthropometric indices between women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Materials and methods: Clinical and laboratory examination history, including transvaginal ultrasound, fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and DXA scans were conducted in 179 women with PCOS (PCOS group) and 100 without PCOS (non-PCOS group). The volunteers were grouped by body mass index (BMI): normal (18-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2), or obese (>30 kg/m2). The visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) were calculated, regions of interest (ROIs) were determined, and the fat mass index (FMI) was calculated using DXA. Results: VAI, LAP, ROIs, FMI, and adiposity indices by DXA were higher in women with PCOS and normal BMI. In both PCOS and non-PCOS groups, the ROIs progressively increased from normal BMI to overweight and obese, and from overweight to obese. Obese women with PCOS showed high trunk fat mass. However, obesity was not able to modify these trunk/periphery fat ratios in PCOS from overweight to higher BMI. These variables were associated with the incidence of PCOS. Conclusion: In women with PCOS and normal BMI, both DXA and the adiposity indices, VAI and LAP, are more sensitive methods to evaluate total body fat and fat accumulation in the central abdominal region. It was also observed that as BMI increased, the differences in measurements between women with and without PCOS decreased.

Assessment of behavior-related pain in school teachers during emergency remote teaching: cross-sectional study / Avaliação de dor relacionada ao comportamento de professores durante o ensino remoto emergencial: estudo observacional transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the teacher's professional practice, there is a high level of stress, anxiety and incidence of pain. With the advent of COVID-19 and the emergence of remote teaching, it is possible that this scenario has been aggravated. The objective of this study was to evaluate chronic pain, central sensitization and pain catastrophizing among primary education teachers during remote teaching offered due to the pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical observational study. Participants were 200 teachers from different regions of Brazil who responded through an online form a sociodemographic questionnaire and a questionnaire about their working conditions. In addition, pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS), central sensitization state was assessed using the Central Sensitization Questionnaire (CSI), and pain catastrophizing was assessed using the Catastrophic Thinking Scale about Pain (PCS). RESULTS: Most of the teachers were female, white, from the southeast region, with lato sensu specialization, had an income of 2 to 2.5 minimum wages, working 21 to 40 hours a week. Most of the teachers reported pain intensity equal to eight and the body region most affected was the lumbar spine. It was observed that teachers with low salary, uncomfortable environment and longer days dedicated to remote teaching showed a greater tendency to central sensitization and pain catastrophizing. Most teachers reported pain intensity equal to eight and the most affected body region was the lumbar spine. Teachers with uncomfortable furniture reported increased pain, especially in the lumbar spine and neck. They also showed higher levels of central sensitization to pain, inversely proportional to their salary income and, in sum, teachers with a greater feeling of discomfort catastrophized more which reflects the physical and emotional damage that pain can cause. CONCLUSION: Remote teaching during the pandemic of COVID-19 impacted physical and emotional changes in teachers of primary education. The professionals perceived that their furniture was not the most adequate for the high amount of time they had to work on academic activities using computers (in general, over 40 hours a week), they reported increased pain, especially in the lumbar spine and neck, they presented higher levels of central pain sensitization, which was influenced by low salary income, and, in sum, teachers with higher feelings of discomfort catastrophized more, which reflects the physical and emotional damage that pain may cause. All these affections tend to reduce the teachers' quality of life and, consequently, affect the teaching and learning processes.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Na atuação profissional do professor, há elevado nível de estresse, ansiedade e incidência de dor. Com o advento do COVID-19 e a emergência do ensino remoto, é possível que este cenário tenha sido agravado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar quadros de dor crônica, sensibilização central e catastrofização da dor em professores da rede básica durante o ensino remoto ofertado devido à pandemia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional analítico do tipo transversal. Participaram 200 professores de diferentes regiões do Brasil que responderam, através de um formulário online, perguntas sobre aspectos sociodemográficos e suas condições de trabalho, além de serem avaliadas a intensidade de dor por meio da escala analógica visual de dor, o estado de sensibilização central por meio do Questionário de Sensibilização Central (CSI) e a catastrofização da dor por meio da Escala de Pensamento Catastrófico sobre a Dor. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos professores eram do sexo feminino, brancos, da região sudeste, com especialização lato sensu, apresentavam renda de 2 a 2,5 salários-mínimos e jornada de trabalho de 21 a 40 horas semanais. A maioria dos professores relatou intensidade de dor igual a oito e a região do corpo mais afetada foi a coluna lombar. Observou-se que professores com baixo salário, ambiente desconfortável e maior jornada dedicada ao ensino remoto apresentaram maior tendência à sensibilização central e à catastrofização da dor. Professores com mobiliário desconfortável relataram aumento da dor, em especial, na coluna lombar e no pescoço. Apresentaram também maiores níveis de sensibilização central à dor, inversamente proporcional à sua renda salarial e, de maneira somatória, professores com maior sensação de desconforto catastrofizaram mais o que reflete os prejuízos físicos e emocionais que a dor pode causar. CONCLUSÃO: O ensino remoto durante a pandemia do COVID-19 impactou alterações físicas e emocionais nos professores da rede básica de ensino. Os profissionais perceberam que seu mobiliário não era o mais adequado para a alta permanência de tempo que tiveram de trabalhar em atividades acadêmicas pelo computador (em geral, acima de 40 horas semanais), relataram aumento da dor, em especial na coluna lombar e no pescoço, apresentaram maiores níveis de sensibilização central à dor, que foi influenciado por baixa renda salarial e, de maneira somatória, professores com maior sensação de desconforto catastrofizaram mais, o que reflete os prejuízos físicos e emocionais que a dor pode causar. Todos estes acometimentos tendem a reduzir a qualidade de vida do professor e, consequentemente, afetar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem.

Physical performance regarding handgrip strength in women with polycystic ovary syndrome / Desempenho físico na força de preensão manual em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to investigate the physical performance of handgrip strength (HGS) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods A case-control study that included 70 women with PCOS and 93 agematched healthy women aged between 18 and 47 years with body mass index (BMI) between 18 Kg/m2-39.9 Kg/m2. The serum levels of total testosterone, androstenedione, insulin, estradiol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, sex hormonebinding globulin (SHBG), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured. The free androgen index (FAI) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. The body composition regions of interest (ROIs) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the handgrip strength (HGS) was evaluated for both the dominant and the non-dominant hands with a manual Sammons Preston (Bolingbrook, IL, US) bulb dynamometer. Results Women with PCOS had high serum levels of total testosterone (p < 0.01), androstenedione (p = 0.03), and insulin (p < 0.01), as well as high FAI (p < 0.01) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.01) scores. Compared with the non-PCOS group, the PCOS group had greater total lean mass in the dominant hand (p < 0.03) and greater HGS in both the dominant and the non-dominant hands (p < 0.01). The HGS was correlated with lean mass (p < 0.01). Conclusion Women with PCOS have greater HGS. This may be associated with age and BMI, and it may be related to lean mass. In addition, the dominance effect on muscle mass may influence the physical performance regarding HGS in women with PCOS.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a força de preensão manual (FPM) em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP). Métodos Estudo de caso-controle que incluiu 70 mulheres com SOP e 93 mulheres saudáveis comidade entre 18 e 47 anos e índice demassa corporal (IMC) de 18 Kg/m2 a 39.9 Kg/m2. Foram dosados os níveis séricos de testosterona total, androstenediona, insulina, estradiol, hormônio estimulador da tireoide (HET), prolactina, globulina de ligação ao hormônio sexual (GLHS), e 17-hidroxiprogesterona (17-OHP). Foram calculados o índice de androgênio livre (IAL) e a avaliação do modelo homeostático da resistência à insulina (AMH-RI). As regiões de interesse (RIs) da composição corporal foram avaliadas por absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia (ARDE), e a força de preensão manual (FPM) das mãos dominante e não dominante foi avaliada com um dinamômetro manual Sammons Preston (Bolingbrook, IL, EUA). Resultados Mulheres com SOP apresentaram níveis séricos elevados de testosterona total (p < 0.01), androstenediona (p = 0.03), e insulina (P < 0.01), assim como valores altos no IAL (p < 0.01) e no AMH-RI (p = 0.01). Comparado ao grupo controle, o grupo SOP apresentou maior massa magra total na mão dominante (p < 0.03) e maior FPM emambas asmãos (p < 0.01). A FPM foi correlacionada coma massamuscularmagra (p <0.01). Conclusão Mulheres com SOP têm maior FPM, que pode estar associada à idade, ao IMC, e à massa magra. Além disso, o efeito de dominância na massa muscular pode influenciar o desempenho físico na força de preensão manual em mulheres com SOP.

Polycystic ovary syndrome associated with increased adiposity interferes with serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 differently from leptin and adiponectin

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to investigate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to explore the relationship between body fat percentage and metabolic markers. Subjects and methods Sedentary women were assigned to PCOS (N = 60) and CONTROL (N = 60) groups. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to body fat percentage (22-27%, 27-32% and 32-37%). The protocol consisted of assessments of glucose, insulin, androgens, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results The PCOS subgroups showed higher concentrations of androgens, LH and 17-OHP. Leptin showed direct relationship with increased body fat percentage, whereas adiponectin showed the inverse effect. However, both were unaffected by PCOS. TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in PCOS women and showed a direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Glucose showed direct relationship with body fat percentage, whereas insulin presented higher values in PCOS women and direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PCOS and body fat percentage directly influence concentrations of insulin, TNF-α and IL-6, whereas leptin and adiponectin are influenced only by the increase in body fat percentage in these women. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):4-10

Association of measures of central fat accumulation indices with body fat distribution and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the associations among visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body fat percentage (%), and android/gynoid ratio (A/G ratio) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and verify if the parameters representative of visceral obesity correlate with and exhibit the same frequency as body composition variables; anthropometric indices; and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters. Subjects and methods This was a cross-sectional study that included 94 women with PCOS. Hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters were analyzed in all women. Free androgen index (FAI) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), as well as LAP, VAI, and anthropometric indices, were calculated. The regions of interest (ROIs) in body composition and body composition indices were evaluated using a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Overall, 32 variables were selected as markers of body fat distribution. Results Among the 32 markers evaluated, 29 correlated with LAP, whereas 25 correlated with VAI, 19 with body fat (%), and 30 with A/G ratio. Additionally, some markers correlated with the four adiposity indices evaluated: ROIs, except for total mass and leg fat (%); body composition (body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference) indices; fasting insulin; and C-reactive protein. Conclusion LAP and VAI may be sensitive measures for screening and preventing metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in PCOS, with LAP being more sensitive than VAI, and the A/G ratio may be more sensitive than body fat percentage.

Respostas anti-inflamatórias ao exercício terapêutico na osteoartrite de joelho: uma revisão sistemática / Anti-inflammatory responses to therapeutic exercise in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Introdução: A osteoartrite (OA) de joelho atinge 10% da população mundial com idade de 60 anos ou mais. Citocinas, prostaglandinas e enzimas como IL-6, TNF-α, PCR, metaloproteínases, entre outras, são responsáveis por desencadear o processo inflamatório na articulação, degradação da cartilagem, formação de edema, incapacidades funcionais e dor. Embora o processo de degradação da cartilagem articular seja considerado de difícil reversão, sabe-se que pode ser estabilizado ou prevenido com o exercício físico. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática acerca dos efeitos de exercícios terapêuticos sobre o processo inflamatório em indivíduos com osteoartrite de joelho. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca por artigos originais e em inglês e publicados em periódicos com fator de impacto indexados na base de dados Pubmed. Resultados: Foram encontrados 211 artigos originais, e 16 foram selecionados por se enquadrarem nos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Conclusão: O exercício terapêutico promoveu redução dos níveis séricos de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, em especial IL-6, TNF e PCR. Protocolos de exercícios de fortalecimento associados a exercícios aeróbios e dieta alimentar mostraram ser a combinação mais eficaz na redução da resposta inflamatória. O uso de medicamentos associados não interfere nos benefícios do exercício terapêutico na OA de joelho. (AU)

Introduction: Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) reaches 10% of the population aged 60 or older. Cytokines, prostaglandins and enzymes such as IL-6, TNF-α, PCR, metalloproteinases, and others are responsible for triggering the inflammatory process in joint, cartilage degradation, edema formation, functional disability and pain. Although the process of articular cartilage degradation is considered difficult to reverse, it is known that may be stabilized or prevented with physical exercise. Objective: to perform a systematic review about the effects of exercise therapy on the inflammatory process in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A search was performed for original articles in English and published in journals with impact factor indexed in Pubmed database. Results: 211 original articles found, 16 were selected since they fit the established inclusion criteria. Conclusion: The exercise therapy promoted reduction of serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, TNF and PCR. Strengthening exercises protocols associated with aerobic and diet, showed to be the most effective combination in reducing the inflammatory response. The use of associated medications does not interfere with the therapeutic benefits of exercise on knee OA. (AU)

Allometric relationships among body mass, MUZZLE-tail length, and tibia length during the growth of Wistar rats1

PURPOSE : To investigate allometric relationships among body mass (BM), muzzle-tail length (MTL), and tibia length (TL) in Wistar rats and establish their growth rate change parameters. METHODS : Eighteen male and 18 female Wistar rats were studied from the 3rd to the 21st week of age. BM, MTL, and TL were measured daily, and relative growth was compared using allometry. RESULTS : A positive correlation between BM and MTL (p<0.05) and BM and TL (p<0.05) was observed. Males and females showed comparable curves; however, females had turning points at a younger age. The allometric relationship between BM and MTL presented a regular increase until reaching a mass of 351 g (males) and 405 g (females). BM and TL showed an initial increase until 185 g (males) and 182 g (females), and then reached a plateau that finished at 412 g (males) and 334 g (females), to display another increase. CONCLUSIONS : The allometric relationship of body mass with animal length and tibia length was comparable for male and female rats, with female rats maturing earlier. Animal longitudinal growth occurred in a single stage. In contrast, tibia length depicted two stages of accelerated growth with an intermediate period of deceleration.

Respostas fisiológicas ao exercício físico em atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular / Physiological responses to exercise in wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury

Introdução: Atletas com lesão medular apresentam redução da sua capacidade aeróbia global, em comparação com indivíduos não portadores de deficiência. Porém, seu treinamento tem sido realizado igual ao de um atleta sadio, desconsiderando suas particularidades. Objetivo: Identificar o que tem sido relatado pela literatura nos últimos anos envolvendo a capacidade aeróbia de atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática por meio de busca de artigos originais em inglês publicados e indexados na base de dados PubMed. Resultados: Foram encontrados 44 artigos originais, e destes, apenas 17 se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão desta pesquisa. Conclusão: O nível da lesão e o grau de mobilidade afetaram diretamente a capacidade aeróbia dos esportistas. Atletas cadeirantes apresentaram VO2 pico e potência aeróbia semelhantes a dos atletas saudáveis, e FCmáx maior. Atletas cadeirantes de modalidades esportivas de esforço contínuo exibiram melhor capacidade aeróbia que atletas de esforços intermitentes.

Introduction: Athletes with spinal cord injury have overall aerobic capacity reduced, compared with non-disabled individuals. However, their training has been conducted the same way as a healthy athlete, disregarding their peculiarities. Objective: To identify what has been reported in the literature in recent years involving the aerobic capacity of wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury. Methods: A systematic review by searching for original articles published in English and indexed in the PubMed database was performed. Results: Forty-four original articles were found and of these only 17 met our criteria for inclusion and exclusion of this research. Conclusion: The lesion level and the mobility degree directly affect the aerobic capacity of these athletes. Wheelchair athletes have VO2peak and aerobic power similar to healthy athletes, and higher HRmax. Wheelchair athletes in sports that require continuous effort exhibited better aerobic capacity than athletes in sports requiring only intermittent effort.

Preditores psicológicos, reações e o processo de intervenção psicológica em atletas lesionados / Psychological predictors, reactions and process of psychological intervention in injured athletes

Atualmente novas alternativas e intervenções têm sido buscadas para o enfrentamento de lesões sofridas pelos atletas. Esta revisão teve por objetivo avaliar os estudos publicados entre os anos de 2002 a 2012 sobre os traços psicológicos preditores de lesão, a reação frente à lesão, as principais técnicas de intervenção psicológica, a abordagem multidisciplinar e o apoio social. Foram selecionadas 41 publicações, sendo que 10 retratavam o tema traços psicológicos preditores de lesão, 15 a reação frente à lesão e 19 identificavam as principais técnicas de intervenção psicológica, abordagem multidisciplinar e o apoio social. Encontrou-se que dois dos principais traços psicológicos preditores de lesão são a exacerbação do estresse e da ansiedade frente aos eventos internos e externos ao ambiente esportivo. Além disso, diante da lesão, o atleta tende a ter uma negação inicial da lesão e com o tempo de acordo com o suporte recebido e sua personalidade pode agir de diferentes formas na recuperação. Algumas técnicas têm sido descritas como relevantes para a intervenção psicológica, entretanto, ainda é necessária uma melhor capacitação nesta área para os profissionais envolvidos na recuperação, bem como a aproximação e interação destes com psicólogos do esporte